Introduction: Why Legal Clarity Matters
Section 1: The Foundation of Governance – Separation of Powers
Before we jump into Bills and Acts, we need to understand how the Indian government functions.
Just like our body needs different organs — heart, lungs, brain — to function properly, the government also has three main organs:
- Legislature – Makes the laws
- Executive – Implements the laws
- Judiciary – Interprets and checks the laws
This division is known as the Separation of Powers, a cornerstone of democratic governance.
What Is Separation of Powers?
The Separation of Powers ensures that no single branch becomes too powerful. It was famously conceptualized by Montesquieu, a French political philosopher, in his book "The Spirit of the Laws".
This principle inspired the U.S. Constitution (1787) and later influenced India’s constitutional framework.
ЁЯЗоЁЯЗ│ How Does It Work in India?
While the U.S. follows strict separation, India follows a flexible model where overlap exists — e.g., the Council of Ministers are members of Parliament.
This blending allows for quicker decision-making but requires strong checks and balances.
Section 2: From Idea to Law – Draft, Bill, and Act
Now that we understand who makes laws, let’s see how they are made.
Every law starts as an idea — and ends as an enforceable rule. The journey looks like this:
Step 1: The Draft
A Draft is the initial version of a proposed law. Think of it like writing a rough draft of your college project.
It includes:
- Objectives of the law
- Definitions of key terms
- Proposed penalties or benefits
- Implementation guidelines
At this stage, experts, ministries, and stakeholders review and revise the draft.
ЁЯУМ Example: Before the Criminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013 (after Nirbhaya case), a draft bill was prepared by the Justice Verma Committee.
ЁЯУД Step 2: The Bill
Once the draft is finalized, it becomes a Bill — formally presented in either house of Parliament (Lok Sabha or Rajya Sabha).
There are four types of Bills:
- Ordinary Bill – Regular legislation (e.g., education reform)
- Money Bill – Related to taxation or government spending
- Constitutional Amendment Bill – Changes the Constitution
- Financial Bill – Mix of money and other provisions
ЁЯФБ Legislative Process of a Bill:
- First Reading: Bill is introduced (no debate).
- Second Reading: Detailed discussion, clause-by-clause review.
- Third Reading: Final vote.
- Passed by both houses → Sent to President for assent.
✅ Only after Presidential assent does a Bill become an Act.
ЁЯПЫ️ Step 3: The Act
An Act is a law passed by Parliament and approved by the President.
ЁЯУМ Example:
- The Indian Penal Code (IPC), 1860 is an Act.
- The Bharatiya Nyaya Sanhita (BNS), 2023 will become an Act once fully enforced.
Once enacted, the Act is published in the Official Gazette and becomes binding across India
What If a Bill Gets Stuck? Technical Insights
Sometimes, a Bill passes one house but gets blocked in the other.
ЁЯФЧ Joint Sitting of Parliament
Under Article 108, the President can summon a joint session of both houses to resolve a deadlock.
- Presided over by the Speaker of Lok Sabha
- Decision by simple majority
- Famous example: The Dowry Prohibition Act, 1961 was passed in a joint session
ЁЯУМ Exception: Money Bills cannot be taken to joint sitting.
ЁЯЫС Presidential Veto Power – The Final Gatekeeper
Even after both houses pass a Bill, the President has the power to stop it. This is called Veto Power.
There are three types of veto:
ЁЯФН Let’s Break Them Down:
1. Suspensive Veto
- President returns the Bill to Parliament with suggestions.
- If Parliament repasses it (with or without changes), the President must give assent.
- Used in non-Money Bills only.
2. Pocket Veto
- President neither signs nor returns the Bill.
- Since no time limit is set in the Constitution, the Bill can be delayed forever.
- First used in 1986 for the Indian Post Office (Amendment) BillAlso, for Money Bills, the President cannot use suspensive veto — only absolute or pocket veto.
ЁЯЪи Section 3: When Parliament Is Not in Session – The Role of Ordinances
What happens if there’s an emergency and Parliament isn’t in session?
Enter: Ordinance-Making Power.
ЁЯУЬ What Is an Ordinance?
An Ordinance is a temporary law issued by the President (or Governor at state level) when Parliament is not in session.
It has the same force as an Act — but only until Parliament reconvenes.
⚖️ Constitutional Basis
- Article 123: President’s ordinance-making power (Central level)
- Article 213: Governor’s ordinance-making power (State level)
ЁЯЫС Conditions for Issuing an Ordinance
- Parliament must be in recess (not in session)
- Immediate action is necessary due to an urgent situation
ЁЯУМ Example:
- During the 2020 pandemic, the government issued ordinances to regulate migrant labor and food security.
⏳ Validity of an Ordinance
An Ordinance remains valid for:
- Six months (maximum gap between two parliamentary sessions)
- Plus six weeks after Parliament reconvenes
So total validity = 6 months + 6 weeks
But here’s the catch:
- It must be approved by both houses within 6 weeks of session restart
- If not approved → Ordinance lapses
- All actions taken under it remain valid (retrospective protection)
Section 4: Turning Acts into Action – Rules and Regulations
So a law is passed. Now what?
An Act lays down the broad framework. But to implement it, we need detailed procedures.
That’s where Rules and Regulations come in.
Rules vs Regulations – Key Differences
ЁЯЫа️ Rules: The “How-To” Manual
Rules explain how to implement an Act.
For example:
- The Motor Vehicles Act, 1988 says: “Driving without a license is punishable.”
- The Motor Vehicles Rules, 1989 say:
- How to apply for a license
- Documents required
- Test format
- Fees
ЁЯУМ Made by:
- Central Government (for central Acts)
- State Government (for state Acts)
They are not debated in Parliament but can be challenged in court if arbitrary.
ЁЯПв Regulations: Self-Governance by Expert Bodies
Regulations are made by statutory bodies established under an Act.
These bodies are autonomous and create rules for their own functioning.
ЁЯУМ Examples:
- ICAI (Institute of Chartered Accountants of India) → Makes regulations for CAs
- SEBI → Issues regulations for stock markets
- Bar Council of India → Sets standards for lawyers
Section 5: Local Governance – Bye-Laws Explained
Now let’s go even more local.
At the grassroots level, local authorities make Bye-Laws to manage day-to-day civic life.
ЁЯз▒ What Are Bye-Laws?
Bye-Laws are rules made by local self-governing bodies to manage:
- Sanitation
- Noise control
- Parking
- Society management
They apply only to a specific area or community.
ЁЯПЫ️ Who Makes Bye-Laws?
ЁЯУМ Example Bye-Laws:
- "No construction after 6 PM" (to reduce noise)
- "Waste must be segregated into wet/dry"
- "Only residents allowed in swimming pool"
⚖️ Legal Status of Bye-Laws
- Must be consistent with higher laws (Acts, Constitution)
- Can be challenged in court if unreasonable
- Cannot violate fundamental rights
ЁЯУМ Landmark Ruling:
The Animal Welfare Board of India and courts have said:
❌ No housing society can ban pets from using lifts or common areas.
Pets are family members. Denying them access is unconstitutional.But owners must ensure:
- Pets don’t dirty common areas
- Dogs are leashed
- Noise is controlled
✅ You have a right to keep pets, but also a duty to maintain hygiene and peace.
ЁЯФД Putting It All Together: The Complete Legal Framework
Let’s connect all the dots.
ЁЯз▒ The Legal Hierarchy (Top to Bottom)
- Constitution – Supreme law of the land
- Acts – Laws passed by Parliament/State Legislature
- Ordinances – Temporary laws by President/Governor
- Rules – Implementation guidelines by government
- Regulations – Self-governance by statutory bodies
- Bye-Laws – Local rules by municipal bodies/societies
Each level derives power from the one above.
And at every level, judicial review ensures accountability.
ЁЯУЪ Why This Matters: For Students, Citizens & Aspirants
Understanding these terms is not just academic.
It helps you:
- Crack CLAT, UPSC, Judiciary exams
- Write better answers with conceptual clarity
- Be an informed citizen
- Challenge unjust rules in society
- Understand news about ordinances, vetoes, and legal reforms
ЁЯОп Pro Tip for Law Students:
Use analogies like “Draft = Rough Copy, Bill = Final Submission, Act = Published Research” to remember concepts easily.ЁЯзй Quick Recap: Key Differences at a Glance
ЁЯУв Final Thoughts: Law Is Not Just for Lawyers
As the speaker in the video said:
“It’s not necessary to know everything. What matters is your willingness to learn.”
And that’s exactly the spirit we need.
Whether you're a student, a working professional, or just a curious citizen — understanding how laws are made empowers you.
You can:
- Question arbitrary society rules
- Understand why an ordinance was issued
- Debate policies intelligently
- Vote more knowledgeably
So next time someone says:
"This new rule isn’t even a proper Act!"
You’ll know exactly what they mean.
ЁЯУе Want Free Notes & Courses?
The original video creator offers amazing resources:
- Constitution of India Course
- Three New Criminal Laws (BNS, BNSS, BSA)
- Most Important Judgments (with storylines)
- CLAT PG Full-Flavored Course
ЁЯУМ Check the description below for links to these courses.
Also, if you want written notes on this topic, visit the blog link in the description — it’s well-structured and perfect for revision.
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